The illustration shows the ankle region affected by a sprain. The location of pain alone cannot establish whether a ligament is stretched or torn.
Rolling the ankle can overstretch or tear its stabilising ligaments. Not every injury is a simple sprain, however. Bone, cartilage or the connection between the shinbone and fibula may also be affected.
Deformity, an open injury, a cold or numb foot or inability to bear weight after an accident requires prompt to immediate examination.
Causes and risk factors
A sideways roll during sport or on uneven ground is a common trigger. Previous injuries and insufficiently restored stability increase the risk of repeated sprains. Severity is assessed from the actual findings.
Typical symptoms
Pain, swelling and bruising are common. Inability to bear weight, marked tenderness over bone or deformity calls for prompt examination. Walking may initially still be possible after a ligament injury.
Diagnosis
We assess the injury mechanism, bony landmarks, ligaments, circulation and sensation. Whether X-rays are required depends on the findings. MRI is not routinely needed immediately but may clarify associated injuries or persistent symptoms.
Non-surgical treatment
Depending on severity, protection, graded loading and a temporary suitable brace can help. Movement, strength and balance become important afterwards. Returning fully to sport simply because pain has eased is often too early.
Surgical options
Most ligament injuries can be treated conservatively. Surgical consultation may be useful for selected associated injuries or persistent instability. Fractures need their own treatment plan and sometimes specialist care.
Aftercare and rehabilitation
Rehabilitation particularly trains the joint's response to unexpected movements. Sport progresses from straight-line activity to changes of direction. Repeated giving way, locking or persistent swelling should be reviewed.
Common questions
Can a torn ligament heal without surgery?
Many outer ankle-ligament injuries can be treated with functional non-surgical care. Associated injuries may change the decision.
Do I always need an MRI?
No. Examination initially determines whether X-rays and further tests are needed.
When can I return to sport?
When stability, strength and sport-specific movements are sufficiently restored. Freedom from pain alone is not always enough.
Arrange a consultation
We discuss which treatment is suitable for your findings and which procedures are available within our outpatient service during a personal consultation. Outpatient operations take place at an external surgical centre.
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Further reading
Selected external resources about this condition. Some linked publications are in German.
Medical background
Sources & further information
These professional and patient resources provide further information about this condition. The text on this page is independently written.
AAOS: Sprained ankle