Body & conditions
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Knee 7 topics
Meniscus tear→Knee osteoarthritis→Cruciate ligament injury→Patellar tendinopathy→Collateral ligament injuries of the knee→Patellofemoral pain syndrome→Baker’s cyst→This guide provides general information and does not replace a medical examination.
Conditions at a glance
Meniscus tear
The two menisci distribute load between the thighbone and shinbone and help stabilise the knee. A tear can follow a twisting injury or devel…
Read more →Knee osteoarthritis
Knee osteoarthritis affects cartilage and other joint structures. The knee may become painful and stiff and tolerate activity less well. Its…
Read more →Cruciate ligament injury
The cruciate ligaments stabilise the knee during rotation and shifting movements. The anterior cruciate ligament is particularly vulnerable …
Read more →Shoulder pain and the rotator cuff
The rotator cuff consists of four muscles and their tendons. It guides the ball of the shoulder joint and enables lifting and rotation of th…
Read more →Hip osteoarthritis
Hip osteoarthritis involves changes to the cartilage between the ball and socket of the joint. It can cause pain and loss of movement. Sympt…
Read more →Spinal disc problems
Spinal discs lie between the vertebrae and distribute load. Structural changes or protruding disc tissue may irritate nearby nerves. Many ch…
Read more →Achilles tendon problems
The Achilles tendon transfers calf muscle force to the foot. It carries substantial loads during walking, running and jumping. Persistent pr…
Read more →Hallux rigidus
Hallux rigidus is osteoarthritis of the joint at the base of the big toe. The joint becomes painful and stiff, often making push-off during …
Read more →Carpal tunnel syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve is compressed at the wrist. This nerve supplies much of the thumb, index and middle fing…
Read more →Trigger finger
Trigger finger occurs when a flexor tendon can no longer glide freely through its sheath. The finger catches, snaps or temporarily stays ben…
Read more →Ganglion cyst of the hand or foot
A ganglion is a benign fluid-filled swelling near a joint or tendon sheath. It commonly occurs at the wrist, but also on fingers or the foot…
Read more →Dupuytren’s disease
Dupuytren's disease affects connective tissue beneath the skin of the palm. Nodules and cords develop first; fingers may later bend progress…
Read more →Cubital tunnel syndrome
Cubital tunnel syndrome involves irritation or compression of the ulnar nerve on the inner side of the elbow. It supplies sensation to the l…
Read more →Inguinal hernia
An inguinal hernia is a bulge of tissue through a weak point in the abdominal wall around the groin canal. It may contain fatty tissue or bo…
Read more →Umbilical hernia
An umbilical hernia is a defect in the abdominal wall at or near the navel through which tissue can bulge. In adults, the opening generally …
Read more →Pilonidal sinus
A pilonidal sinus is inflammation with small openings or tracts in the cleft between the buttocks, usually above the tailbone. The common Ge…
Read more →Lipoma and skin cyst
Lipomas and skin cysts are common causes of benign lumps beneath the skin, but differ in structure. A lipoma consists of fatty tissue. The G…
Read more →Neck pain
Neck pain can substantially restrict movement and daily life. Muscles, joints and changing loads are often involved. Not every pain means di…
Read more →Thoracic back pain
Pain between the shoulder blades may arise from muscles, spinal joints or rib joints. Symptoms from other organs may also be felt around the…
Read more →Shin splints
Shin splints describe activity-related pain along the inner border of the shinbone. They mainly affect running and jumping sports. Distingui…
Read more →Ankle injury
Rolling the ankle can overstretch or tear its stabilising ligaments. Not every injury is a simple sprain, however. Bone, cartilage or the co…
Read more →Patellar tendinopathy
Patellar tendinopathy is a load-related problem of the patellar tendon, often near the lower tip of the kneecap. It particularly occurs with…
Read more →Hallux valgus – bunions
In hallux valgus, the big toe angles towards the smaller toes and a bunion projects from the inner forefoot. Treatment is based on pain and …
Read more →Flatfoot and fallen arches
A low foot arch is not automatically a medical problem. Flatfoot mainly needs treatment when it causes pain, progressive deformity or reduce…
Read more →Plantar fasciitis and heel spurs
Pain beneath the heel often arises at the attachment of the plantar fascia, a strong band of connective tissue in the sole. A heel spur visi…
Read more →Haglund deformity – pain at the back of the heel
A Haglund deformity is a bony prominence at the upper back of the heel bone. It may rub against shoes and irritate nearby bursae or the Achi…
Read more →Metatarsalgia – forefoot pain
Metatarsalgia describes pain beneath the forefoot; it is initially a description of symptoms. It can have very different underlying causes. …
Read more →Morton’s neuroma
In Morton’s neuroma, a small nerve between the metatarsal bones becomes irritated and the surrounding tissue thickens. It most often occurs …
Read more →Collateral ligament injuries of the knee
The medial and lateral collateral ligaments stabilise the knee against sideways movement. Injury can range from overstretching to a complete…
Read more →Patellofemoral pain syndrome
This condition causes pain around or behind the kneecap. It affects physically active people as well as people who do not exercise intensive…
Read more →Baker’s cyst
A Baker’s cyst is a swelling filled with joint fluid behind the knee. In adults, it often develops in association with irritation inside the…
Read more →Tennis elbow
Tennis elbow causes pain at the tendon attachment on the outside of the elbow, mainly involving the wrist extensor tendons. It can develop w…
Read more →Golfer’s elbow
Golfer’s elbow causes pain at the tendon attachment on the inside of the elbow. Muscles that bend the wrist and fingers and rotate the forea…
Read more →Elbow bursitis
The bursa over the tip of the elbow reduces friction between the skin and bone. When irritated, it can fill with fluid. It is important to d…
Read more →Calcific tendinitis of the shoulder
In calcific tendinitis, calcium deposits develop within the rotator cuff tendons. They may go unnoticed or cause considerable pain. The shou…
Read more →Frozen shoulder
In frozen shoulder, the joint capsule becomes painful and progressively stiff. Both movements you make yourself and movements guided by some…
Read more →Subacromial pain syndrome / shoulder impingement
This term covers symptoms involving the tendons and bursa beneath the acromion, the bony roof of the shoulder. It is often called impingemen…
Read more →Hip impingement (FAI)
In femoroacetabular impingement, variations in the shape of the junction between the femoral head and neck, or of the hip socket, can lead t…
Read more →Lateral hip pain / greater trochanteric pain syndrome
Pain on the outside of the hip often arises from the gluteal tendons and nearby bursae. This is called greater trochanteric pain syndrome. T…
Read more →